
Chinaβs βsouthern disasterβ: France lays waste to a Qing fleet
A French sneak attack in 1884 led to a fundamental misunderstanding of Qing technological prowess. Itβs time to reexamine the popular β but simplistic, if not outright wrong β idea that Chinaβs military losses to Europe (and, later, Japan) were due to its inability to modernize.